Disorder in the energies of charge-transfer (CT) states can be induced by the complex phase behaviour of bulk heterojunctions in organic semiconductors. Here, we propose a model to help to quantify and understand the impact of CT state energetic disorder on voltage losses in organic photovoltaics.

In our recent paper (Nature Communications, 2021, 12:3260), we reported the experimental study on defect properties of antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3). Here I highlight the critical issues regarding the sample preparation, unique defect properties and the significance to device performance improvement.